Allergeni negli oli essenziali
Gli oli essenziali possono contenere diversi composti noti come allergeni, che possono provocare irritazioni cutanee, reazioni respiratorie o altre forme di sensibilità, soprattutto nelle persone allergiche o con pelle sensibile. Gli allergeni principali sono generalmente componenti naturali degli oli stessi. Alcuni dei più comuni includono:
- Limonene
Presente in: oli di agrumi (arancia, limone, lime, bergamotto)
Può ossidarsi quando esposto all’aria, aumentando la probabilità di causare reazioni allergiche.
- Linalool
Presente in: lavanda, coriandolo, basilico e alcuni oli di agrumi
Si ossida all’aria e può provocare sensibilizzazione cutanea.
- Geraniolo
Presente in: oli di rosa, citronella, palmarosa e geranio
Può causare dermatite da contatto negli individui sensibili.
- Eugenolo
Presente in: chiodi di garofano, cannella, basilico, noce moscata
Noto per le sue forti proprietà sensibilizzanti; può provocare irritazione cutanea.
- Citral
Presente in: citronella, limone, lime, arancia, verbena
Un potente allergene che in alcuni casi può causare dermatite da contatto.
- Cinnamaldeide
Presente in: oli di foglie e corteccia di cannella
Altamente allergenica e fortemente irritante per la pelle.
- Isoeugenolo
Presente in: ylang-ylang, basilico e alcune miscele di oli essenziali
Può provocare reazioni cutanee; è considerato un allergene da fragranza nei cosmetici.
- Alcol benzilico / Benzoato di benzile / Salicilato di benzile
Presente in: gelsomino, ylang-ylang e altri oli floreali
Utilizzati nei profumi e possono essere allergenici.
- Farnesolo
Presente in: oli di gelsomino, citronella e rosa
Allergene da contatto noto nelle miscele di fragranze.
Note principali:
Rischio di ossidazione: molti terpeni come limonene e linalool diventano più allergenici dopo l’ossidazione.
Fotosensibilità: alcuni oli di agrumi (bergamotto, limone) possono rendere la pelle più sensibile alla luce solare.
Di seguito sono riportati alcuni degli oli essenziali comuni e i loro principali composti allergenici:
- Lavanda
Linalool, Limonene
L’ossidazione aumenta l’allergenicità; possibili reazioni cutanee generalmente lievi.
- Tea Tree
Linalool, Terpinen-4-ol
Può causare dermatite da contatto negli individui sensibili.
- Limone / Lime / Bergamotto
Linalool, Citral, Bergaptene (bergamotto)
Fotosensibilizzanti (soprattutto il bergamotto); si ossidano facilmente.
- Arancia / Arancia dolce
Limonene, Linalool
Generalmente delicati, ma l’olio ossidato è più allergenico.
- Rosa / Geranio
Geraniolo, Citronellolo, Linalool, Farnesolo
Forti allergeni da fragranza; possono provocare dermatite.
- Ylang-Ylang
Linalool, Benzoato di benzile, Isoeugenolo, Farnesolo
Fragranza floreale altamente allergenica; usare cautela su pelle sensibile.
- Chiodi di garofano
Eugenolo, Cariofillene
Forte sensibilizzante; può irritare la pelle.
- Cannella (foglie e corteccia)
Cinnamaldeide, Eugenolo
Altamente allergenica; fortemente irritante.
- Basilico
Linalool, Eugenolo, Isoeugenolo
Possibile sensibilizzazione cutanea.
- Citronella (Lemongrass)
Citral, Geraniolo, Farnesolo
Può irritare la pelle; possibile rischio di fotosensibilità.
- Gelsomino
Alcol benzilico, Benzoato di benzile, Farnesolo
Allergeni comuni nelle fragranze.
- Noce moscata
Eugenolo, Miristicina
Irritante ad alte concentrazioni.
- Menta piperita
Limonene, Mentolo
Allergene lieve; può causare irritazione cutanea se concentrato.
Normativa europea
Il Regolamento UE 2023/1545, che modifica il Regolamento CE 1223/2009 relativo agli allergeni da fragranza nei prodotti cosmetici, aggiunge 56 allergeni da fragranza all’elenco originale di 26, portando il totale a 82.
I 26 Allergeni originali
| Nome chimico | Nome nel Glossario degli Ingredienti Comuni | Numero CAS |
| 2-Benzylideneheptanal | Amyl cinnamal | 122-40-7 |
| Benzyl alcohol | Benzyl alcohol | 100-51-6 |
| Cinnamyl alcohol | Cinnamyl alcohol | 104-54-1 |
| 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6- octadienal | Citral | 5392-40-5 |
| Phenol, 2-methoxy- 4-(2-propenyl) | Eugenol | 97-53-0 |
| 7-Hydroxycitronellal | Hydroxy-citronellal | 107-75-5 |
| Phenol, 2-methoxy-4- (1-propenyl)- | Isoeugenol | 97-54-1 |
| 2-Pentyl- 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol | Amylcin-namyl alcohol | 101-85-9 |
| Benzyl salicylate | Benzyl salicylate | 118-58-1 |
| 2-Propenal, 3-phenyl- | Cinnamal | 104-55-2 |
| 2H-1-Benzopyran- 2-one | Coumarin | 91-64-5 |
| 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)- | Geraniol | 106-24-1 |
| 3 and 4-(4-Hydroxy- 4-methylpentyl) cyclohex-3-ene-1- carbaldehyde | Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carbox aldehyde | 31906-04-4 |
| 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol | Anisyl alcohol | 105-13-5 |
| 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, phenylmethyl ester | Benzyl cinnamate | 103-41-3 |
| 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1- ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- | Farnesol | 4602-84-0 |
| 2-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl) propionaldehyde | 2-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl) propionaldehyde | 80-54-6 |
| 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- | Linalool | 78-70-6 |
| Benzyl benzoate | Benzyl benzoate | 120-51-4 |
| Citronellol/(±) -3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol | Citronellol | 106-22-9 |
| 2-Benzylideneoctanal | Hexyl cinnamaldehyde | 101-86-0 |
| (4R)-1-Methyl-4-(1- methylethenyl) cyclohexene | d-Limonene | 5989-27-5 |
| Methyl heptin carbonate | Methyl 2-octynoate | 111-12-6 |
| 3-Methyl-4-(2,6,6-tri-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | alpha-Isomethyl ionone | 127-51-5 |
| Oak moss extract | Evernia prunastri extract | 90028-68-55 |
| Treemoss extract | Evernia furfuracea extract | 90028-67-4 |
I 56 allergeni aggiunti:
| Nome chimico | Nome nel Glossario degli Ingredienti Comuni | Numero CAS |
| Benzyl alcohol | Benzyl Alcohol | 100-51-6 |
| 6-Methylcoumarin | 6-Methyl Coumarin | 92-48-8 |
| 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal | Citral | 5392-40-5 |
| (E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal | Geranial | 141-27-5 |
| (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal | Neral | 106-26-3 |
| Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) | Isoeugenol | 97-54-1 |
| (E)-2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl)phenol; (trans-Isoeugenol) | Isoeugenol | 5932-68-3 |
| (Z)-2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl)phenol; (cis-Isoeugenol) | Isoeugenol | 5912-86-7 |
| Citronellol/ (±)3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol | Citronellol | 106-22-9 26489-01-0 |
| (3R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol | Citronellol | 1117-61-9 |
| (3S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol | Citronellol | 7540-51-4 |
| 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cyclohexene; dl-limonene (racemic); Dipentene | Limonene | 138-86-37705-14-8 |
| (R)-p-mentha-1,8-diene; (d-limonene) | Limonene | 5989-27-5 |
| (S)-p-mentha-1,8-diene; (l-limonene) | Limonene | 5989-54-8 |
| Pinus mugo leaf and twig oil and extract | Pinus Mugo Leaf Oil; Pinus Mugo Twig Leaf Extract; Pinus Mugo Twig Oil | 90082-72-7 |
| Pinus pumila leaf and twig oil and extract | Pinus Pumila Needle Extract; Pinus Pumila Twig Leaf Extract; Pinus Pumila Twig Leaf Oil | 97676-05-6 |
| Cedrus atlantica oil and extract | Cedrus Atlantica Bark Extract; Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil; Cedrus Atlantica Bark Water; Cedrus Atlantica Leaf Extract; Cedrus Atlantica Wood Extract; Cedrus Atlantica Wood Oil | 92201-55-3 8023-85-6 |
| Turpentine gum (Pinus spp.); Turpentine oil and rectified oil; Turpentine, steam distilled (Pinus spp.) | Turpentine | 9005-90-7 8006-64-2 8052-14-0 |
| p-Mentha-1,3-diene | Alpha-Terpinene | 99-86-5 |
| p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene | Terpinolene | 586-62-9 |
| Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae; extracts and distillates; Balsam Peru oil, absolute and anhydrol (Balsam Oil Peru) | Myroxylon Balsamum Pereirae Balsam Extract; Myroxylon Balsamum Pereirae Balsam Oil; Myroxylon Pereirae Oil; Myroxylon Pereirae Resin Extract; Myroxylon Pereirae Resin | 8007-00-9 |
| 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | Alpha-Damascone; cis-Rose ketone 1 | 43052-87-5 23726-94-5 |
| 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | trans-Rose ketone 1 | 24720-09-0 |
| 1-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | Rose ketone 4 (Damascone) | 23696-85-7 |
| 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | Rose ketone 3 (delta-Damascone) | 57378-68-4 |
| 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | trans-Rose ketone 3 | 71048-82-3 |
| (Z)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | cis-Rose ketone 2 (cis-beta-Damascone) | 23726-92-3 |
| (E)-1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one | trans-Rose ketone 2 (trans-beta-Damascone) | 23726-91-2 |
| 3-Propylidene-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone;3-Propylidenephthalide | 3-Propylidenephthalide | 17369-59-4 |
| Verbena absolute | Lippia citriodora absolute | 8024-12-2 85116-63-8 |
| Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | Methyl Salicylate | 119-36-8 |
| 3R-(3α,3aβ,7β,8aα)]-1-(2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8-tetramethyl-1H-3a,7-methanoazulen-5-yl)ethan-1-one | Acetyl Cedrene | 32388-55-9 |
| Pentyl-2-hydroxy-benzoate | Amyl Salicylate | 2050-08-0 |
| 1-Methoxy-4-(1E)-1-propen-1-yl-benzene (trans-Anethole) | Anethole | 104-46-14180-23-8 |
| Benzaldehyde | Benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 |
| Bornan-2-one; 1,7,7-Trimethylbi-cyclo[2.2.1]-2-heptanone | Camphor | 76-22-221368-68-3464-49-3464-48-2 |
| (1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene | Beta-Caryophyllene | 87-44-5 |
| 2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one;(5R)-2-Methyl-5-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-one;(5S)-2-Methyl-5-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | Carvone | 99-49-06485-40-1 2244-16-8 |
| 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-propyl acetate; Dimethylbenzyl Carbinyl Acetate | Dimethyl Phenethyl Acetate | 151-05-3 |
| Oxacyclohepta-decan-2-one | Hexadecanolactone | 109-29-5 |
| 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran | Hexamethylindanopyran | 1222-05-5 |
| 3,7-Dimethyl octa-1,6-diene-3-yl acetate | Linalyl Acetate | 115-95-7 |
| Menthol;dl-menthol;l-menthol;d-menthol | Menthol | 89-78-11490-04-6 2216-51-5 15356-60-2 |
| 3-Methyl-5-(2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-Cyclopentenyl)pent-4-en-2-ol | Trimethylcyclopentenyl Methylisopentenol | 67801-20-1 |
| o-Hydroxy-benzaldehyde | Salicylaldehyde | 90-02-8 |
| 5-(2,3-Dimethyl-tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]-hept-3-yl)-2-methylpent-2-en-1-ol (alpha-Santalol);(1S-(1a,2a(Z),4a))-2-Methyl-5-(2-methyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-2-penten-1-ol(beta-Santalol) | Santalol | 11031-45-1115-71-977-42-9 |
| [1R-(1alpha)]-alpha-Ethenyldecahydro-2-hydroxy-a,2,5,5,8a-pentamethyl-1-naphthalenepropanol | Sclareol | 515-03-7 |
| 2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propan-2-ol; p-Menth-1-en-8-ol (alpha-Terpineol); 1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexan-1-ol (beta-Terpineol); 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexan-1-ol (gamma-Terpineol) | Terpineol | 8000-41-798-55-5138-87-4586-81-2 |
| 1-(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)ethan-1-one; 1-(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)ethan-1-one; 1-(1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)ethan-1-one; 1-(1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)ethan-1-one | Tetramethyl acetyloctahydronaphthalenes | 54464-57-254464-59-468155-66-868155-67-9 |
| 3-(2,2-Dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl)toluene | Trimethylbenzenepropanol | 103694-68-4 |
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenz-aldehyde | Vanillin | 121-33-5 |
| Cananga odorata flower oil and extract; Ylang Ylang flower oil and extract | Cananga Odorata Flower Extract; Cananga Odorata Flower Oil | 83863-30-38006-81-368606-83-793686-30-7 |
| Cinnamomum cassia leaf Oil | Cinnamomum Cassia Leaf Oil | 8007-80-584961-46-6 |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark oil | Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Bark Oil | 8015-91-684649-98-9 |
| Citrus aurantium amara and dulcis peel oil | Citrus Aurantium Amara Flower Oil | 72968-50-4 |
| Citrus aurantium amara and dulcis flower oil | Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Flower Oil | 8028-48-68016-38-4 |
| Citrus aurantium amara and dulcis peel oil | Citrus Aurantium Amara Peel Oil | 68916-04-172968-50-4 |
| Citrus aurantium amara and dulcis peel oil | Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Peel Oil; | 97766-30-88028-48-6 |
| Citrus aurantium amara and dulcis peel oil | Citrus Sinensis Peel Oil | 8008-57-9 |
| Citrus aurantium bergamia oil (Bergamot oil) | Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Peel Oil | 8007-75-889957-91-568648-33-98007-75-885049-52-1 |
| Citrus limon oil | Citrus Limon Peel Oil | 84929-31-78008-56-8 |
| Cymbopogon citratus / schoenanthus/flexuosus oils | Cymbopogon Schoenanthus Oil | 8007-02-189998-16-3 |
| Cymbopogon citratus / schoenanthus/flexuosus oils | Cymbopogon Flexuosus Oil | 91844-92-7 |
| Cymbopogon citratus / schoenanthus/flexuosus oils | Cymbopogon Citratus Leaf Oil | 8007-02-191844-92-7 |
| Eucalyptus globulus oil | Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil; | 97926-40-48000-48-4 |
| Eucalyptus globulus oil | Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf/ Twig Oil | 8000-48-4 |
| Eugenia caryophyllus oil | Eugenia Caryophyllus Leaf Oil | 8000-34-8 8015-97-284961-50-2 |
| Eugenia caryophyllus oil | Eugenia Caryophyllus Flower Oil | 84961-50-2 |
| Eugenia caryophyllus oil | Eugenia Caryophyllus Stem oil | 84961-50-2 |
| Eugenia caryophyllus oil | Eugenia Caryophyllus Bud oil | 84961-50-2 |
| Jasminum grandiflorum/officinale oil and extract | Jasminum Grandiflorum Flower Extract; | 84776-64-7 |
| Jasminum grandiflorum/officinale oil and extract | Jasminum Officinale Oil; | 90045-94-6 8022-96-6 8024-43-9 |
| Jasminum grandiflorum/officinale oil and extract | Jasminum Officinale Flower Extract | 90045-94-6 |
| Juniperus virginiana oil | Juniperus Virginiana Oil; Juniperus Virginiana Wood Oil | 8000-27-9 85085-41-2 |
| Laurus nobilis oil | Laurus Nobilis Leaf Oil | 8002-41-38007-48-584603-73-6 |
| Lavandula hybrida oil/extract; | Lavandula Hybrida Oil; | 91722-69-9 |
| Lavandula hybrida oil/extract; | Lavandula Hybrida Extract; | 8022-15-9 |
| Lavandula hybrida oil/extract; | Lavandula Hybrida Flower Extract; | 93455-96-093455-97-192623-76-2 |
| Lavandula intermedia oil/extract; | Lavandula Intermedia Flower Leaf/Stem Extract; Lavandula Intermedia Flower/Leaf/Stem Oil; Lavandula Intermedia Oil | 84776-65-88000-28-090063-37-9 |
| Lavandula angustifolia oil/extract | Lavandula Angustifolia Oil; Lavandula Angustifolia Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract | 84776-65-88000-28-090063-37-9 |
| Mentha piperita oil | Mentha Piperita Oil | 8006-90-484082-70-2 |
| Mentha spicata oil (spearmint oil) | Mentha Viridis Leaf Oil | 8008-79-584696-51-5 |
| Narcissus poeticus/pseudonarcissus/jonquilla/tazetta extract | Narcissus Poeticus Extract | 90064-26-968917-12-4 |
| Narcissus poeticus/pseudonarcissus/jonquilla/tazetta extract | Narcissus Pseudonarcissus Flower Extract | 90064-27-0 |
| Narcissus poeticus/pseudonarcissus/jonquilla/tazetta extract | Narcissus Jonquilla ExtractNarcissus Tazetta Extract | 90064-25-8 |
| Pelargonium graveolens oil | Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil | 90082-51-28000-46-2 |
| Pogostemon cablin oil | Pogostemon Cablin Oil | 8014-09-3 84238-39-1 |
| Rosa damascena flower oil/extract; | Rosa Damascena Flower Oil; Rosa Damascena Flower Extract | 8007-01-090106-38-0 |
| Rosa alba flower oil/extract; | Rosa Alba Flower Oil; Rosa Alba Flower Extract | 93334-48-6 |
| Rosa canina flower oil; | Rosa Canina Flower oil; | 84696-47-9 |
| Rosa centifolia oil/extract; | Rosa Centifolia Flower Oil; Rosa Centifolia Flower Extract | 84604-12-6 |
| Rosa gallica flower oil; | Rosa Gallica Flower Oil; | 84604-13-7 |
| Rosa moschata flower oil; | Rosa Moschata Flower Oil; | – |
| Rosa rugosa flower oil | Rosa Rugosa Flower Oil | 92347-25-6 |
| Santalum album oil | Santalum Album Oil | 8006-87-984787-70-2 |
| Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate | Eugenyl Acetate | 93-28-7 |
| 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,1-acetate, (2E)- | Geranyl Acetate | 105-87-3 |
| 2-Methoxy-4-prop-1-enylphenyl acetate | Isoeugenyl Acetate | 93-29-8 |
| 2,6,6-Trimethylbi-cyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (alpha-Pinene);6,6-Dimethyl- 2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (beta-Pinene) | Pinene | 80-56-87785-70-8127-91-318172-67-3 |